Introduction Housing at first sight as a shelter is one of the basic needs of humans, but at the moment the Housing covers a variety of dimensions, including economic, social, cultural and environmental, and is considered to be more than a shelter. But, at the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements was held in Istanbul, suitable shelter does not simply mean the presence of a roof over any person, but the proper shelter is defined as follow; the appropriate shelter means convenience, adequate space, physical access, security, property security, stability and structural durability, lightening, ventilation and heating system, primary infrastructures such as water supply, sanitation and education, waste disposal, environmental quality, accessibility to work and primary facilities which should be affordable to all of the people. From this perspective and indexes mentioned by UN-Habitat, Housing today in developing countries because of domestic migration, land supply problems, lack of sufficient resources, weak economic management, lack of comprehensive Housing planning and other economic failures, on the one hand, and acceleration of the urban population has, on the other hand, is one of the acute problems. In this regard, the city of Karaj, as one of the metropolises of Iran with its features such as proximity to Tehran metropolis, its riverside location and suitable weather conditions, as well as its industrial, agricultural and tourism role, has witnessed a huge increase in population in recent years, which resulted from the migration of the pendulum from Tehran to the city and the natural increase of the population. Considering the increasing population and youth population, it is important to review the Housing situation in the city and provide adequate and Sustainable Housing for all sectors of society. Therefore, in this research, Housing sustainability indices in Karaj city are studied. Also, in addition to ranking the areas in term of Sustainable Housing indices, explaining the Housing problems in this city is an effective way for moving toward Housing desirability in the cities of Karaj. Methods and Material This research is descriptive-analytic in terms of research method and in terms of its purpose is an applied research. The statistical population is the head of households in 12 areas of Karaj city. The sample size is 486 households head and the sampling method is a probabilistic method or random method. Data collection is based on the survey (questionnaire) and documentary method (Statistics of statistic center of Iran). Also, Data are analyzed by SPSS23 software. Results and Discussion The results of the study on the indices of Housing in the studied neighborhoods indicate that in terms of physical dimension, type of materials used in urban Housing is the most important variable and the use of the double window is the least important variable. In the dimension of social sustainability, the most important variable is the impact of migration on non-standard Housing constructions and the least important variable in access to health centers. In the dimension of economic sustainability, the most important variable is the amount of urban Housing with the personal owner and the least important variable is the amount of government loan received for Housing improvements. In general, the results indicated that in most of cases, the stability achieved was moderate or less than average, and the results showed a significant difference between the different regions in terms of sustainability indices. So, the results of the research show that the 12 areas of Karaj are located in three levels of stable, semi stable and unstable in terms of Housing sustainability. The general results show that regions 4, 7, 8, and 11 are considered as "stable regions", and regions of 1, 5, 6, and 12 are considered as "semi-Sustainable regions" of Karaj. Also, regions 2, 3, 9 and 10 are among the "unstable urban areas of Karaj city". Conclusions Today, Housing as one of the most important human needs is investigated from a variety of dimensions. Also, Housing as an important part of the human environment plays a vital role in Sustainable development of cities. Stability and sustainability of Housing embrace the environmental, social, cultural and economic aspects of Housing that are intertwined. In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the indicators of Housing sustainability in Karaj city. Different indices have been used to measure Karaj city districts Housing stability in different dimensions. These indices have been designed according to the indicators used in global experiences, internal experiences and in accordance with the region conditions (localization of indicators). This research extracts the strengths and limitations of Housing sustainability in Karaj to move towards greater sustainability. In general, it can be concluded that the study area houses, in contrast to the past, have more sustainability, and the indicators for Sustainable Housing development have been upgraded compared to the past. In the past, for example, most of the houses were built with unstable building materials while today, according to the statistics presented and field observations of writers, we see improvements in the majority of residential units within the study area, which has led to the development of physical indicators.

Today, due to the rapid growth of the world's population and its concentration in cities, the concept of Sustainable urban development has been proposed as a basic component affecting the long-term vision of human societies, and Housing and related issues are a global issue, and planners and policy makers in different countries are looking for solutions to solve the related issues. Due to the fact that Housing is one of the most important urban uses, it is necessary to design the residential environment properly so that, in addition to greater productivity and security, the correct use of renewable and clean energy causes the least damage to the environment. In this regard, in this research, the components of Sustainable Housing in Salmas city have been investigated. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and oneway variance analysis were used. The results of the investigation of the components of Sustainable Housing in Salmas show that the physical component has the highest rank with an average of 2.95, followed by the environmental component with an average of 2.91 and the social component with an average of 2.76 and the access component with an average of 2.46, and finally, the economic component with an average of 2.03 has taken the last rank, these results show the great contribution of physical and environmental components in the Sustainable Housing of Salmas city and the least impact on Housing the stability of this city is related to the economic component. In addition, the overall average of all components was lower than the base limit (number 3).

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of Housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and Housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. Housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of Housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of Housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, Housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, Housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in Housing architecture, especially social Housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of Sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate Housing, as Housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of Housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of Sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of Sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between Housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (Housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of Housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is Housing and its Sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of Sustainable Housing and the provision of adequate Housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in Housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Housing has been a major challenge for the rising population of countries during last decades and the provision of affordable standard house for low and middle-income households has always been at the forefront of Sustainable development strategies and plans, especially in developing countries. Besides, the need to high-density Housing systems due to rising population has become a central issue to most urban design or renewal programs in the late 20th century. Therefore, residential complex has rapidly developed into one of the most important prototype of modern Housing in urban and metropolitan areas especially in developing countries leading to unprecedented challenges from the sustainability point of view. On the other hand, despite existence of many Sustainable principles of residential architecture in ancient era, diverse Housing problems and issues have originated in modern Housing patterns of urban areas due to consequences of the process of uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization. It is obvious that in most cases, ancient principles of sustainability which have stood the test of time have been ignored in modern Housing strategies and plans leading to obstacles in achievement of sustainability in residential buildings. In this paper, the intention is to introduce and analyze diverse obstacles of achieving sustainability in modern Housing strategies, policies and regulations in Iran.

Paying attention to the sustainability of the Housing sector as the most important urban element in Sustainable urban development is considered one of the most essential aspects; therefore, knowing the indicators of suitable Housing and trying to achieve the desired Housing is important for Sustainable urban development. Considering the importance of Housing in the structure of today's cities and the lives of citizens, it is important to pay attention to the principles of Sustainable development for achieving the spatial and social justice, and quantitative and qualitative desirability of uses especially residential use. Therefore, the aim of the research was to investigate and spatially analyze Sustainable Housing indicators in Tehran metropolis. For the descriptive-analytical research, quantitative entropy models, Gray Relation Analysis (GRA), Moran's spatial autocorrelation statistics and Arc GIS software were used to investigate and spatially analyze Sustainable Housing indicators in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of Sustainable Housing indicators at 22 districts of Tehran is clustered. Districts 1, 22 and 21, respectively, have a gray rank of 0.638. 0.554, and 0.550 in terms of having the studied indicators and are in a favorable condition. Statistically, about 0.4% of the districts are in favorable condition, 0.41% in semi-favorable condition, and 0.45% in unfavorable condition. Geographically, the southeastern districts of Tehran are in an unfavorable condition, and Sustainable Housing indicators get worse going from north to south and west to east of Tehran.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate Sustainable development of Meybod and its Housing planning. To do this, in the first step, considering existing statistics and survey research, the conditions of Housing in Meybod were investigated and indentified with respect to dual quantitative and qualitative dicesion in the period between 1355-85…

Urbanization is the global phenomena of the millennia and it is for the first time that more than half of the world population live in urban areas from the beginning of the history. The rapid and continuous trend of Urbanization filed the increased urbanized areas in developing areas face unsustainability problem. To manage this unsustainability, the Sustainable development paradigm has gained ground more than ever. Housing as a phisio-sicual infrastructure has a critical role in sustainability process and it proves the nesseccity of this research. This paper aims at analyzing the Housing quality indices of Zanjan from sustainability point of view. The research is survey based and the data gathered through documentary method. The field study and documentary data analyzed in ArcGIS environment with todim model. The findings indicate that the informal settlements suffer from low sustainability. Of the total number of hoses in Zanjan, 14 % has very good sustainability, 36% has good sustainability, 27% has moderate sustainability, 8% has weak sustainability and 15% has very weak sustainability situation. Finally some strategies has been suggested to improve the sustainability of Housing quality indices.

today Housing has become a very complex concept, and with the emergence of Sustainable development concept, the importance of Sustainable Housing concept has been highlighted. Sustainable Housing design uses a wide range of active and inactive design principles that enhances environmental and social aspects. This research is aimed at the study and analysis of Sustainable urban Housing indices in area 1 of 9th district. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the required information was collected by library and field method (interview). The findings show that environmental sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability indicators are inadequate. Small lots size and texture worn-out are the reasons for increasing in the number of residential units. . The ratio of green space to residential levels is 0. 09 and represents the very poor status of this indicator. The ratio of the total area of parks and green space to a total area is 0. 04. this indicate that the green space use is in a very unfavorable situation. Per capita of green space and parks is 1. 6, which indicates an inappropriate amount